Insurance Data Brokers
The hidden scores that determine your premiums
Insurance Data Brokers and Risk Scoring
A parallel ecosystem of data brokers exists specifically to help insurance companies assess, price, and deny risk. These companies maintain vast databases of claims history, medical records, driving behavior, prescription purchases, and property characteristics — all used to generate scores and reports that determine whether you can get coverage and how much you pay. Most consumers have no idea these records exist until they are denied a policy or hit with a rate increase.
The proliferation of AI and algorithmic pricing in insurance has drawn regulatory scrutiny. In 2024, New York’s Department of Financial Services issued Circular Letter 2024-7 requiring insurers to demonstrate that AI and external data systems do not proxy for protected classes or generate disproportionate adverse effects.[1] In the first seven months of 2025, state legislators introduced 51 bills across 24 states aimed at regulating algorithmic pricing in insurance and other industries.[1]
MIB Group (formerly Medical Information Bureau)
What they are: Founded in 1902. A member-owned cooperative of insurance companies that functions as an information exchange. Member companies account for 99% of individual life insurance policies and 80% of health and disability policies in the U.S. and Canada, according to the Federal Trade Commission.[2]
What data they have: A coded database of medical and non-medical information pertaining to individuals who have applied for life, health, or disability insurance. Records include medical conditions, hazardous activities (skydiving, scuba diving, private aviation), and other underwriting-relevant details. Approximately 430 member insurance companies contribute to and query the database.[3] MIB’s database does not contain actual medical records — information is transmitted in codes to protect consumer privacy — but is drawn from medical questionnaires, attending physician reports, adverse lab test results, and DMV information.[2]
Why it matters: MIB’s coded system has been criticized because consumers often don’t know records about them exist, and errors in MIB records can result in insurance denial or higher premiums. The coding system is not easily interpretable by consumers, making it difficult to identify and dispute inaccuracies. MIB is registered as a Consumer Reporting Agency with the CFPB, meaning consumers can request their MIB report.[4]
Verisk Analytics / ISO ClaimSearch
What they are: The dominant insurance data analytics company in the United States. Operates the Insurance Services Office (ISO) subsidiary, which provides standardized policy forms and statistical data. Market capitalization of approximately $31–33 billion; revenue of $2.88 billion in 2024 (with guidance of $3.03–$3.08 billion for 2025).[5]
What data they have: 30 petabytes of data, including 34 billion+ premium and loss records and 1.8 billion+ claims records.[6] ISO ClaimSearch alone holds 1.5+ billion claim records with over 90% participation from property and casualty insurers.[7] The A-PLUS (Automated Property Loss Underwriting System) auto loss-history database contains claims from over 900 insurance companies representing 95% of the personal auto insurance market.[8] All of the top 100 U.S. P&C insurance providers are customers.
Why it matters: Verisk’s dominance in insurance data raises concerns about market concentration and the potential for discriminatory pricing. The company’s property and auto loss databases can affect consumers’ ability to obtain insurance or the rates they pay, often without consumer awareness. In December 2025, Carpe Data’s AI-powered fraud detection tools were integrated into the ClaimSearch platform, further expanding its scope.[9]
Arity (Allstate)
What they are: Created by Allstate Corporation in 2016. Part software developer, part data broker, part ad-tech company. Designed a software development kit (SDK) called the “Driving Engine” that is embedded in third-party mobile apps. Arity specifically targeted apps that already used location-based features — including Life360, Routely, and Fuel Rewards — so consumers would unknowingly download Arity’s tracking software.[10]
What data they have: Over one trillion miles of driving behavior data at a rate exceeding one billion miles per day.[11] Trip details collected every 15 seconds include miles driven, acceleration, speeding, phone usage while driving, and braking patterns. This data is packaged into proprietary driving risk scores sold to insurance companies.
Enforcement: On January 13, 2025, Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton sued Allstate and Arity in the first-ever enforcement action under a state comprehensive data privacy law, alleging they secretly collected driving data on approximately 45 million Americans without consent and built the “world’s largest driving behavior database.”[10] Arity also failed to register as a data broker with the Texas Secretary of State as required by law.[12] Insurance companies use Arity scores to raise premiums, deny coverage, or drop customers. (See Vehicle & Driving Data Brokers for full details on the GM scandal and connected car data pipeline.)
LexisNexis C.L.U.E. (Comprehensive Loss Underwriting Exchange)
What they are: An insurance claims information exchange operated by LexisNexis that collects and reports up to 7 years of auto insurance claims and 7 years of home insurance and personal property claims. Used by insurers to assess risk when pricing and underwriting policies.[13]
What data they have: Reports include details of past claims, dates, types, and amounts. C.L.U.E. Auto has 99.6% auto industry participation, making it the most comprehensive claims history database in the United States.[14] C.L.U.E. Property reports include prior losses from previous owners of a home.[15]
Why it matters: Consumers are often unaware that their C.L.U.E. reports affect their insurance rates and eligibility. Reports can include claims that were filed but never paid, inquiries that didn’t result in claims, and claims filed by previous property owners — all of which can negatively impact a consumer’s insurability. Even merely contacting an insurance company to discuss an actual loss may be recorded as a claim inquiry.[15] Consumers can request one free C.L.U.E. report per year under the Fair Credit Reporting Act.[16]
Prescription & Medical Underwriting
Milliman IntelliScript (Rx Histories)
What they are: A prescription drug history reporting service operated by Milliman, one of the world’s largest actuarial and consulting firms. Collects data from pharmacies, health insurance companies, and pharmacy benefit managers. Provides risk scores quantifying the relative mortality risk of insurance applicants based on their medication history. Operates under the domain rxhistories.com.[17]
What data they have: Prescription drug purchase histories aggregated from pharmacies and PBMs across the United States, covering the vast majority of U.S. pharmacies. Used by major life, disability, long-term care, and Medicare Supplement insurance companies for underwriting decisions. Once an insurance company submits an authorized request, Milliman can pull years of a patient’s prescription history within minutes.[18]
Why it matters: The service reveals sensitive health conditions through medication patterns (e.g., HIV medications, psychiatric drugs, fertility treatments), which privacy advocates argue constitutes indirect disclosure of medical conditions for commercial purposes. A FOX 13 investigation titled “Your prescription records for sale” highlighted how Milliman IntelliScript makes detailed prescription histories available to insurers.[18] Milliman states it operates in compliance with HIPAA and the FCRA, and that no information is gathered without a HIPAA-compliant authorization. Registered as a Consumer Reporting Agency with the CFPB, meaning consumers can request their report.[17]
Property & Geospatial Intelligence
Cape Analytics (now Moody’s)
What they are: AI-powered property risk assessment company that uses aerial and satellite imagery with computer vision and machine learning to evaluate properties for insurance underwriting. On January 13, 2025, Moody’s Corporation announced the acquisition of Cape Analytics, combining it with Moody’s catastrophe risk modeling and Intelligent Risk Platform.[19]
What data they have: Geospatial property intelligence derived from high-resolution aerial imagery. Extracts more than 120 property attributes — including roof condition and age, materials, solar panels, number of stories, lot debris, vegetation encroachment, and paved area quality — from over 100 million buildings across the United States, Canada, and Australia.[20] Cape’s Roof Condition Rating is used by more than half of the top insurance carriers in the U.S. and is approved for ratemaking in 40 states.[20]
Why it matters: Homeowners may never know that an AI examined satellite photos of their property and flagged it as high-risk. Decisions based on automated imagery analysis can be difficult to appeal, especially when the homeowner is unaware the assessment occurred. The Moody’s acquisition integrates this capability into one of the world’s largest risk intelligence firms, further expanding the reach of automated property assessment in insurance pricing.
Telematics & Driving Behavior
OCTO Telematics
What they are: Rome-based telematics data company, operating as a subsidiary of Renova Group. One of the largest players in usage-based insurance (UBI) globally, with approximately 40% global market share in usage-based insurance and 6 million connected users.[21]
What data they have: Trip data, driving patterns, speed, braking, cornering, and location data. This data is packaged and sold to insurance companies to price policies based on actual driving behavior rather than demographic proxies.
Cambridge Mobile Telematics (CMT)
What they are: Founded in 2010 out of MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL). In December 2018, CMT secured a $500 million investment from the SoftBank Vision Fund, making it one of the most heavily funded telematics companies in the world.[22] CMT’s DriveWell platform uses mobile sensing and behavioral science to measure driving risk and incentivize safer driving.
What data they have: Driving behavior data collected through smartphone sensors — acceleration, braking, cornering, phone distraction, speeding. CMT’s Claims Studio provides real-time crash detection, crash reconstruction, and damage assessment using telematics and AI. DriveWell has been shown to reduce phone distraction by 35% on average within 30 days and speeding and hard braking by 20%.[22]
Carpe Data
What they are: AI-driven insurance intelligence company that mines public online sources for insights used in insurance underwriting, claims management, and fraud detection. In December 2025, Carpe Data’s fraud detection tools were integrated into Verisk’s ClaimSearch ecosystem, giving property/casualty insurers access to Carpe Data’s Online Injury Alerts and Investigative Reports without separate integrations.[9]
What data they have: Data harvested from millions of online sources including social media profiles, public records, review sites, and other web data. Uses natural language processing and machine learning to flag potential fraud indicators, verify claims, and assess policyholder risk. Products include 24/7 fraud monitoring and “courtroom-ready reports with social connections, screenshots, and citations.”[9]